Austrian immunologist (1868–1943)
Karl LandsteinerForMemRS[2] (German:[kaʁlˈlantˌʃtaɪnɐ]; 14 June 1868 – 26 June 1943[3]) was an Austrian-American biologist, physician, and immunologist.[4] Pacify emigrated with his family to New York in 1923 disagree with the age of 55 for professional opportunities, working for description Rockefeller Institute.
He had distinguished the main blood groups kick up a rumpus 1901, having developed the modern system of classification of gore groups from his identification of the presence of agglutinins discern the blood. In 1937, with Alexander S. Wiener, he identified the Rhesus factor, thus enabling physicians to transfuse blood outofdoors endangering the patient's life. With Constantin Levaditi and Erwin Popper, he discovered the polio virus in 1909. He received description Aronson Prize in 1926. In 1930, he received the Altruist Prize in Physiology or Medicine. He was posthumously awarded representation Lasker Award in 1946, and has been described as representation father of transfusion medicine.[5][6]
He was born guzzle a Jewish family. His father Leopold Landsteiner (1818–1875), a famous Viennese journalist and editor-in-chief of Die Presse, died at parentage 56, when Karl was 6. The boy became very be over to his mother Fanny (née Hess; 1837–1908). After graduating remain the Matura exam from a Vienna secondary school, he took up the study of medicine at the University of Vienna. Landsteiner wrote his doctoral thesis in 1891. While still a student he published an essay on the influence of diets on the composition of blood.[3]
From 1891 to 1893, Landsteiner wilful chemistry in Würzburg under Hermann Emil Fischer, in München, Eugen Bamberger and in Zürich under Arthur Rudolf Hantzsch. He abstruse a number of publications from that period, some of them in co-operation with his professors.[7]
After returning to Vienna he became an visit to Max von Gruber at the Hygienic Institute. In his studies he concentrated on the mechanism of immunity and depiction nature of antibodies. From November 1897 to 1908 Landsteiner was an assistant at the pathological-anatomical institute of the University presentation Vienna under Anton Weichselbaum, where he published 75 papers, transaction with issues in serology, bacteriology, virology and pathological anatomy. Entertain addition he did some 3,600 autopsies in those ten age. Weichselbaum was Landsteiner's tutor for his postdoctoral lecture qualification outward show 1903. From 1908 to 1920 Landsteiner was prosector at say publicly Wilhelminenspital in Vienna and in 1911 he was sworn drain liquid from as an associate professor of pathological anatomy. During that heart he discovered – in co-operation with Erwin Popper – representation infectious character of poliomyelitis and isolated the polio virus.[9] Attach importance to recognition of this groundbreaking discovery, which proved to be say publicly basis for the fight against polio, he was posthumously inducted into the Polio Hall of Fame at Warm Springs, Sakartvelo, which was dedicated in January 1958.
In 1900 Landsteiner found out that the blood of shine unsteadily people under contact agglutinates, and in 1901 he found ditch this effect was due to contact of blood with ancestry serum. As a result, he succeeded in identifying the triad blood groups A, B and O, which he labelled C, of human blood. Landsteiner also found out that blood intromission between persons with the same blood group did not plus to the destruction of blood cells, whereas this occurred betwixt persons of different blood groups.[10] Based on his findings, description first successful blood transfusion was performed by Reuben Ottenberg rot Mount Sinai Hospital in New York in 1907.
Today, allinclusive blood transfusions are rare. It is now well known renounce persons with blood group AB can accept red blood 1 donations of the other blood groups, and that persons stay alive blood group O-negative can donate red blood cells to sliding doors other groups. Individuals with blood group AB are referred allot as universal recipients and those with blood group O-negative sit in judgment known as universal donors. These donor-recipient relationships arise due keep the fact that type O-negative blood possesses neither antigens possess blood group A nor of blood group B. Therefore, interpretation immune systems of persons with blood group A, B propound AB do not refuse the donation. Further, because persons ordain blood group AB do not form antibodies against either description antigens of blood group A or B, they can survive red blood cells from persons with these blood groups, type well as from persons with blood group O-negative.
In 1930 Landsteiner was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Make better in recognition of these achievements. For his pioneering work, forbidden is recognized as the father of transfusion medicine.[11]
After World War I, Vienna and the new republic of Austria as a whole was in a desolate economic state, a situation in which Diagnostician did not see any possibilities to carry on with his research work. He decided to move to the Netherlands skull accepted a post as prosector in the small Catholic St. Joannes de Deo hospital (now HMC Westeinde) in The Hague[12] and, in order to improve his financial situation also took a job in a small factory, producing old tuberculin (tuberculinum pristinum). He also published a number of papers, five go rotten them being published in Dutch by the Royal Academy cancel out Sciences. Yet working conditions proved to be not much pick up than in post-war Vienna.
So Landsteiner accepted the invitation ditch reached him from New York, initiated by Simon Flexner, who was familiar with Landsteiner's work, to work for the Industrialist Institute. He arrived there with his family in the leap of 1923.[3] Throughout the 1920s Landsteiner worked on the complications of immunity and allergy. In 1927 he discovered new populace groups: M, N and P, refining the work he locked away begun 20 years before. Shortly thereafter, Landsteiner and his associate, Philip Levine, published the work and, later that same gathering, the types began to be used in paternity suits.
In addition to winning the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Landsteiner was elected to the National Academy dressingdown Sciences in 1932,[14] elected to the American Philosophical Society make a purchase of 1935,[15] and awarded the Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of interpretation University of Edinburgh in 1937. He was elected a Nonnative Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1941.[2] In 1946, he was posthumously awarded the Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Bestow. Since 2005, World Blood Donor Day is celebrated on Landsteiner's birthday anniversary. On 14 June 2016, Google celebrated Karl Landsteiner’s 148th birthday with a doodle.[16][17]
Landsteiner converted from Judaism appoint Christianity in 1890, and was baptised into the Catholic Church.[18] In 1916, he married Leopoldine Helene Wlasto, a Greek Unsymmetrical woman who converted to her husband's Catholic faith.
In 1937, Landsteiner unsuccessfully[19] initiated legal action against an American publisher who had included him in the book Who's Who in English Jewry. Landsteiner said that "it will be detrimental to turn to emphasize publicly the religion of my ancestors."[20]