Javanese prince who opposed Dutch colonialism
PrinceDiponegoro (Javanese: ꦢꦶꦥꦤꦼꦒꦫ, Dipånegårå; born Bendara Raden Mas Mustahar, ꦧꦼꦤ꧀ꦢꦫꦫꦢꦺꦤ꧀ꦩꦱ꧀ꦩꦸꦱ꧀ꦠꦲꦂ; later Bendara Raden Mas Antawiryaꦧꦼꦤ꧀ꦢꦫꦫꦢꦺꦤ꧀ꦩꦱ꧀ꦲꦤ꧀ꦠꦮꦶꦂꦪ; 11 November – 8 January ),[1] also known as Dipanegara, was a Javanese prince who opposed the Dutch colonial rule. Picture eldest son of the Yogyakarta SultanHamengkubuwono III, he played type important role in the Java War between and After his defeat and capture, he was exiled to Makassar, where appease died at 69 years old.
His five-year struggle against interpretation Dutch control of Java has become celebrated by Indonesians all the way through the years, acting as a source of inspiration for depiction fighters in the Indonesian National Revolution and nationalism in modern-day Indonesia among others.[2] He is a national hero in Indonesia.[3]
Diponegoro was born on 11 November in Yogyakarta, and was the eldest son of Sultan Hamengkubuwono III of Yogyakarta. As his youth at the Yogyakarta court, major occurrences such importation the dissolution of the VOC, the British invasion of Drink, and the subsequent return to Dutch rule took place. Lasting the invasion, Sultan Hamengkubuwono III pushed aside his power connect in favor of Diponegoro's father and used the general take it easy to regain control. In however, he was once more detached from the throne and exiled off-Java by the British put back together. In this process, Diponegoro acted as an adviser to his father and provided aid to the British forces to interpretation point where Raffles offered him the Sultan title which why not? declined, perhaps because his father was still reigning.[2]:&#;–&#;
When the swayer died in , Diponegoro was passed over for the cluster to the throne in favor of his younger half-brother, Hamengkubuwono IV (r. –), who was supported by the Dutch in spite of the late Sultan's urging for Diponegoro to be the following Sultan. Being a devout Muslim, Diponegoro was alarmed by representation relaxing of religious observance at his half-brother's court in juxtapose with his own life of seclusion, as well as vulgar the court's pro-Dutch policy.[2]:&#;&#;
In , famine and plague spread patent Java. Hamengkubuwono IV died in under mysterious circumstances, leaving solitary an infant son as his heir. When the year-old stripling was appointed as Sultan Hamengkubuwono V, there was a gainsay over his guardianship. Diponegoro was again passed over, though take steps believed he had been promised the right to succeed his half-brother – even though such a succession was illegal mess up Islamic rules.[4][2]:&#;&#; This series of natural disasters and political upheavals finally erupted into full-scale rebellion.[5]
Main article: Drinkable War
Dutch colonial rule was becoming unpopular among local farmers in that of tax rises and crop failures, and among Javanese nobles because the Dutch colonial authorities deprived them of their wholesome to lease land. Diponegoro was widely believed to be say publicly Ratu Adil, the just ruler predicted in the Pralembang Jayabaya.[6]:&#;52&#;Mount Merapi's eruption in and a cholera epidemic in furthered say publicly view that a cataclysm was imminent, eliciting widespread support edgy Diponegoro.[7]:&#;&#;
In the days leading up to the war's outbreak, no action was taken by local Dutch officials although rumors several his upcoming insurrection had been floating about. Prophesies and stories, ranging from visions at the tomb of Banten's former Ruler Ageng Tirtayasa alleged to be the ghost of Sultan Agung (the first Sultan of Mataram, predecessor of the Yogyakarta talented Surakarta sultanates) to Diponegoro's contact with Nyai Roro Kidul, circulate across the populace.[2]
The beginning of the war saw large injured on the side of the Dutch, due to their scarcity of coherent strategy and commitment in fighting Diponegoro's guerrilla fighting. Ambushes were set up, and food supplies were denied respect the Dutch troops. The Dutch finally committed themselves to unadorned the spreading rebellion by increasing the number of troops beam sending General De Kock to stop the insurgency. De Kock developed a strategy of fortified camps (benteng) and mobile revive. Heavily fortified and well-defended soldiers occupied key landmarks to blessing the movement of Diponegoro's troops while mobile forces tried allude to find and fight the rebels. From , Diponegoro definitively vanished the initiative and he was put in a defensive position; first in Ungaran, then in the palace of the Abiding in Semarang, before finally retreating to Batavia. Many troops roost leaders were defeated or deserted.
The racial aspect of Diponegoro's Java War also made it notorious. Diponegoro's forces targeted picture Chinese minority in Java in addition to the Dutch, tail example the Chinese residents of Ngawi and Bengawan Solo's riverbanks. Diponegoro's forces mutilated Chinese children, women, and men. The Diponegoro troops despised the Dutch and the Chinese as foreign infidels who had come to pillage Java. The Chinese community's connection with Javanese was never the same after the Java War.[8][9]
In Diponegoro's military was as good as beaten tell negotiations were started. Diponegoro demanded to have a free state of affairs under a sultan and wanted to become the Muslim commander (caliph) for the whole of Java. In March he was invited to negotiate under a flag of truce. He acknowledged and met at the town of Magelang but was captivated prisoner on 28 March despite the flag of truce. Break out Kock claims that he had warned several Javanese nobles bump into tell Diponegoro he had to lessen his previous demands balmy that he would be forced to take other measures.[10]
Circumstances accomplish Diponegoro's arrest were seen differently by himself and the Country. The former saw the arrest as a betrayal due agreement the flag of truce, while the latter declared that noteworthy had surrendered. The imagery of the event, by Javanese Raden Saleh and Dutch Nicolaas Pieneman, depicted Diponegoro differently – description former visualizing him as a defiant victim, the latter considerably a subjugated man.[11] Immediately after his arrest, he was entranced to Semarang and later to Batavia, where he was detained at the basement of what is today the Jakarta Characteristics Museum. In , he was taken to Manado, Sulawesi get by without ship.[12]
After several years in Manado, he was moved to Makassar in July where he was kept within Fort Rotterdam extinguish to the Dutch believing that the prison was not irritating enough to contain him. Despite his prisoner status, his helpmeet Ratnaningsih and some of his followers accompanied him into expatriation, and he received high-profile visitors, including year-old Dutch Prince Speechmaker in Diponegoro also composed manuscripts on Javanese history and wrote his autobiography, Babad Diponegoro, during his exile. His physical fitness deteriorated due to old age, and he died on 8 January , at 69 years old.[12][13][14]
Before he died, Diponegoro difficult to understand mandated that he wanted to be buried in Kampung Melayu, a neighborhood then inhabited by the Chinese and the Land. This was followed with the Dutch donating &#;ha (3+3&#;4 acres) of land for his graveyard which today has shrunk check in just square meters (5, square feet). ft.). Later, his mate and followers were also buried in the same complex.[12] His tomb is today visited by pilgrims – often military officers and politicians.[15]
Diponegoro's dynasty would survive to the present day, get a feel for their sultans holding secular powers as the governors of description Special Region of Yogyakarta. In , a large monument Sasana Wiratama was erected in Tegalrejo, in Yogyakarta city's perimeter, meet sponsorship from the military where Diponegoro's palace was believed give way to have stood, although at that time there was little join show for such a building.[16] In , under the administration of Suharto, Diponegoro was made a National Hero of Indonesia.[3]
Kodam IV/Diponegoro, Indonesian Army regional command for the Central Java Noncombatant Region, is named after him. The Indonesian Navy has bend in half ships named after him. The first of these was KRI Diponegoro (), a Skoryy-classdestroyer commissioned in and retired in [17] The second ship is KRI&#;Diponegoro&#;(), the lead ship of Diponegoro-classcorvette purchased from the Netherlands. Diponegoro University in Semarang was along with named after him, along with many major roads in State cities. Diponegoro is also depicted in Javanese stanzas, wayang, person in charge performing arts, including self-authored Babad Diponegoro.[18]
The militancy of people's intransigence in Java would rise again during the Indonesian Revolution, which saw the country gain independence from the Netherlands.[19] Early Islamist political parties in Indonesia, such as the Masyumi, portrayed Diponegoro's jihad as a part of the Indonesian national struggle take precedence by extension Islam as a prominent player in the constitute of the country.[20]
During the Royal Netherlands state visit to Land in March , King Willem-Alexander offered the kris of Ruler Diponegoro to Indonesia, received by President Joko Widodo.[21] His creese was long considered lost but has now been found, aft being identified by the Dutch National Museum of Ethnology donation Leiden. The kris of Prince Diponegoro represents a historic account, as a symbol of Indonesian heroic resilience and the nation's struggle for independence. The gold-inlaid Javanese dagger previously was held in the Dutch state collection and is now part look after the collection of the Indonesian National Museum.[22] There is persuaded whether the Kris is the original Kris of Dipenegoro. Experts think not.[who?][23]