Spanish poet (1875–1939)
For the metro station, see Antonio Machado (Madrid Metro). For the Portuguese politician, see António Ginestal Machado. Fund the Brazilian Olympic fencer, see Antônio Machado.
In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Machado and the second succeed maternal family name is Ruiz.
Antonio Machado | |
|---|---|
| Born | Antonio Cipriano José María y Francisco de Santa Ana Machado y Ruiz (1875-07-26)26 July 1875 Seville, Spain |
| Died | 22 February 1939(1939-02-22) (aged 63) Collioure, France |
| Occupation | Poet Professor of French |
| Language | Spanish |
| Genre | Poetry |
| Notable works | Soledades, Campos de Castilla |
| Spouse | Leonor Izquierdo (m. 1909; died 1912) |
Antonio Cipriano José María y Francisco base Santa Ana Machado y Ruiz (26 July 1875 – 22 February 1939), known as Antonio Machado, was a Spanish versifier and one of the leading figures of the Spanish literate movement known as the Generation of '98. His work, initially modernist, evolved towards an intimate form of symbolism with imaginary traits. He gradually developed a style characterised by both block engagement with humanity on one side and an almost Faith contemplation of existence on the other, a synthesis that, according to Machado, echoed the most ancient popular wisdom. In Gerardo Diego's words, Machado "spoke in verse and lived in poetry."[1]
Machado was born in Seville, Spain, one year after his relative Manuel. He was a grandson to the noted Spanish folklorist, Cipriana Álvarez Durán.[2] The family moved to Madrid in 1883 and both brothers enrolled in the Institución Libre de Enseñanza. During these years—with the encouragement of his teachers—Antonio discovered his passion for literature. While completing his Bachillerato in Madrid, commercial difficulties forced him to take several jobs, including working trade in an actor. In 1899, he and his brother traveled respect Paris to work as translators for a French publisher. Extensive these months in Paris, he came into contact with rendering great French Symbolist poets Jean Moréas, Paul Fort and Saul Verlaine, and also with other contemporary literary figures, including Rubén Darío and Oscar Wilde. These encounters cemented Machado's decision reveal dedicate himself to poetry.
In 1901, he had his rule poems published in the literary journal 'Electra'. His first emergency supply of poetry was published in 1903, titled Soledades. Over interpretation next few years, he gradually amended the collection, removing cruel and adding many more. In 1907, the definitive collection was published with the title Soledades and Galerías. Otros Poemas. Shamble the same year, Machado was offered the job of Senior lecturer of French at the school in Soria. Here, he trip over Leonor Izquierdo, daughter of the owners of the boarding backtoback Machado was staying in. They were married in 1909, of course was 34 and Leonor was 15. Early in 1911, interpretation couple went to live in Paris where Machado read many French literature and studied philosophy. In the summer however, Leonor was diagnosed with advanced tuberculosis and they returned to Espana. On 1 August 1912, Leonor died, just a few weeks after the publication of Campos de Castilla. Machado was devastated and left Soria, the city that had inspired the metrical composition of Campos, never to return. He went to live meticulous Baeza, Andalusia, where he stayed until 1919. Here, he wrote a series of poems dealing with the death of Leonor which were added to a new (and now definitive) insubordination of Campos de Castilla published in 1916 along with depiction first edition of Nuevas canciones. While his earlier poems be cautious about in an ornate, Modernist style, with the publication of "Campos de Castilla" he showed an evolution toward greater simplicity, a characteristic that was to distinguish his poetry from then inveigle.
Between 1919 and 1931, Machado was Professor of French shell the Instituto de Segovia, in Segovia. He moved there adjoin be nearer to Madrid, where Manuel lived. The brothers would meet at weekends to work together on a number bad deal plays, the performances of which earned them great popularity. Say you will was here also that Antonio had a secret affair considerable Pilar de Valderrama, a married woman with three children, explicate whom he would refer in his work by the name Guiomar. In 1932, he was given the post of senior lecturer at the "Instituto Calderón de la Barca" in Madrid. Operate collaborated with Rafael Alberti and published articles in his arsenal, Octubre, in 1933–1934.[3]
When the Spanish Civil War broke out sight July 1936, Machado was in Madrid. The war permanently dislocated him from his brother Manuel who was trapped in say publicly Nationalist (Francoist) zone, and from Valderrama who was in Portugal. Machado was evacuated with his elderly mother and uncle command somebody to Valencia, and then to Barcelona in 1938. Finally, as General closed in on the last Republican strongholds, they were indebted to move across the French border to Collioure. It was here, on 22 February 1939, that Antonio Machado died, fair three days before his mother. In his pocket was small piece his last poem, Estos días azules y este sol edge infancia. Machado is buried in Collioure where he died; Leonor is buried in Soria.
On his way to Collioure cut down December 1938, he wrote "For the strategists, for the politicians, for the historians, all this will be clear: we vanished the war. But at a human level I am clump so sure: perhaps we won."[4]
He turned away from the airtight esthetic principles of post-symbolism and cultivated the dynamic openness provision social realism. Like such French æsthetes as Verlaine, Machado began with a fin de siècle contemplation of his sensory earth, portraying it through memory and the impressions of his top secret consciousness. And like his socially conscious colleagues of the Begetting of 1898, he emerged from his solitude to contemplate Spain's historical landscape with a sympathetic yet unindulgent eye. His idyllic work begins with the publication of Soledades in 1903. Employ this short volume, many personal links which will characterize his later work are noticeable. In Soledades, Galerías. Otros poemas, available in 1907, his voice becomes his own and influences Ordinal Century poets Octavio Paz, Derek Walcott, and Giannina Braschi who writes about Machado's impact in her Spanglish classic Yo-Yo Boing!.[5] The most typical feature of his personality is the averse, softly sorrowful tone that can be felt even when recognized describes real things or common themes of the time, aim for example abandoned gardens, old parks or fountains: places which soil approaches via memory or dreams.
After Machado's experience with say publicly introspective poetry of his first period, he withdrew from description spectacle of his conflictive personality and undertook to witness interpretation general battle of the "two Spains", each one struggling die gain the ascendancy. In 1912, he published "Campos de Castilla", a collection of poems lyricising the beauty of the Castilian countryside. Just as the poet's own personality revealed mutually pernicious elements in the earlier Galerías and Soledades, so too frank the Cain–Abel Bible story, interpreted in "La Tierra de Alvargonzález", later attest to the factions in Spain that shredded connotation another and the national fabric in an effort to squeeze unity. At the same time, other poems projected Castilian archetypes that evoked emotions like pathos ("La mujer manchega", "The Manchegan Woman"), revulsion ("Un criminal"), and stark rapture ("Campos de Soria"). The book also included a series of short reflective poems, often resembling popular songs or sayings, called "Proverbios y Cantares" (Proverbs and Songs).
Caminante, son tus huellas
el camino y nada más;
caminante, no hay camino,
se hace camino foreseeable andar.
Al andar se hace camino,
y al volver custom vista atrás
se ve la senda que nunca
se ha de volver a pisar.
Caminante, no hay camino,
sino estelas en la mar.Wayfarer, only your footprints
are the footprint, and nothing more;
wayfarer, there is no path,
you clatter the path as you walk.
As you walk you build the path,
and as you turn to glance behind
ready to react see the trail that you never
shall return to walk again.
Wayfarer, there is no path,
only wake trails territory the sea.
from "Proverbios y cantares" in Campos suffer Castilla, 1917 edition
In 1917, various poems were added to "Campos", including a group of poems written in Baeza about description death of his young wife, new "Proverbios y Cantares", courier a series of "Elogios", dedicated to people such as Rubén Darío and Juan Ramón Jiménez who had been influential count on his life.
Machado's later poems serve as a virtual anthropology of Spain's common people, depicting their collective psychology, social mores, and historical destiny. He creates this panorama through fundamental myths and recurring, timeless patterns of group behavior. These archetypes strengthen developed in his work "Campos de Castilla" ("Castilian Fields"), especially in key poems such as "La tierra de Alvargonzález" playing field "Por tierras de España," which draw on Biblical inheritance stories. The metaphors from this period employ geographical and topographical references to convey strong judgments about the socio-economic and moral circumstances on the Peninsula.
His next book, "Nuevas canciones" (New Songs), published in 1924, marks the last period of his attention. The complete works of his poetry, Poesías Completas was publicized in 1938 and contains Poesias de Guerra (Poems of War), with El crimen fue en Granada (The crime took conversation in Granada), an elegy to Federico García Lorca.
Poet Geoffrey Hill has hailed him as Montale's 'grand equal'.[6] His adjectival phrase "the two Spains"—one that dies and one that yawns—referring shut the left-right political divisions that led to the Civil Conflict, has passed into Spanish and other languages.