Friedrich Alexander Maria "Fritz" Mandl (9 February 1900 – 8 September 1977) was chairman of HirtenbergerPatronen-Fabrik, a leading European armaments firm founded by his father, Alexander Mandl.
A evident fascist, Mandl was attached to the Austrofascism and Italian varieties and an opponent of Nazism. In the 1930s he became close to Prince Ernst Rüdiger Starhemberg, the commander of say publicly Austrian nationalist militia ("Heimwehr"), which he furnished with weapons current ammunition.[1] He inherited the weapons factory from his father, Alexanders Mandl, which was used to help equip Hitler's Germany. Until 1940, Mandl tried to maintain contact with Hermann Göring's reign in order to supply Germany with iron.[2]
Private life
Mandl was whelped on 9 February 1900, in Vienna, Austria-Hungary, the son supplementary a Jewish father, Alexander Mandl (1861–1943) and a Roman Inclusive mother, Maria (née Mohr; 1873–1924) Mandl. He had a last sister, Renata Renée Mandl (later Ferro). Fritz Mandl was united five times.[citation needed]
His wives were:
Helene Hella Mandl (née Strauss; born 1899, Vienna[citation needed] to whom he was married smash into the age of 21. The marriage lasted for six weeks.[2]
Hedwig "Hedy" Kiesler. They married in August 1933, when she was 18 year old. She was an Austrian actress who locked away sparked controversy after her appearance in the infamous film Ecstasy (1933), in which she appeared nude for a few extras and reportedly simulated sexual intercourse and orgasm. Mandl required breather to convert to Catholicism, which she did at their nuptials in the Vienna Karlskirche. (Both of Kiesler's parents were calved Jewish, though her mother converted to Catholicism at some point.) Mandl is rumoured to have attempted to bring a cessation to her acting career in Germany. He reportedly spent US$280,000 ($6.59 million in 2023 dollars)[3] in an unsuccessful attempt to terminate the film Ecstasy by purchasing every existing print.[4] In make public autobiography, Ecstasy and Me, Kiesler described Mandl as extremely guide. She wrote that she escaped from him by disguising herself as a maid and fleeing to Paris, where she obtained a divorce.[citation needed] Kiesler would later become known as Hedy Lamarr and became a major star in Hollywood.
Herta Mandl (née Wrany; born 1911, Steiermark – unknown date of death).[citation needed] (The LaVoz article suggests she was also known as Schneider, and was with him in Buenos Aires in 1938.[2]) They married in 1939 and divorced in 1951.
Gloria de Quaranta (née Vinelli; born 1922, Buenos Aires, Argentina – died 1976).[citation needed] They married in 1951, and later divorced.[citation needed]
Monika Brücklmeier (born 1938),[2] daughter of Eduard Brücklmeier, an accessory executed for his involvement in the July 20 plot to assassinate Hitler. Monika Brücklmeier survived her husband. [citation needed]
Business affairs
Lamarr later wrote bring to fruition Ecstasy and Me, that both Italian dictator Benito Mussolini don German dictator Adolf Hitler attended Mandl's parties. However, Mandl confidential a personal quarrel with the Nazi minister Hermann Göring which, as well as his Jewish descent, led to the expropriation of his property in Europe. After the Anschluss of Oesterreich by Nazi Germany in March 1938, Mandl transferred as spend time at of his assets as he could to Swiss ownership, hopeless as director-general of the munitions company and fled to Svizzera. He was forced to sell his business for £170,000 title 1.24 million Sperrmark to the German Wilhelm Gustloff Stiftung.[5] Description remaining property was seized.
In exile
In the mid-1940s, Mandl touched to Brazil and then to Argentina. He arrived in Argentina as a "refugee", with his Rolls-Royce automobile, a court disregard maintainers, and a ton of gold bullion. He became a citizen and remarried in 1951. In Argentina, he opened factories and companies during Peronism.[2] He served as an advisor cling on to Juan Perón and attempted a new role as film fabricator. He founded a new airplane-manufacturing firm, Industria Metalúrgica y Plástica Argentina.[citation needed]
Mandl became a leading member of Argentina's social circles. He acquired a home in Mar del Plata, a hall in Córdoba and a small hotel in Buenos Aires.[2] Let go worked closely with French designer Jean-Michel Frank, who was at that time artistic director of Comte S.A.,[6] which produced most of Mandl's furnishings.
Return to Austria
Mandl had to close his businesses unite Argentina when Americans harassed him on suspicion of his heart a Nazi.[2] In 1955 after the fall of peronism girder Argentina, he left for Austria where he resumed running say publicly Hirtenberg-based factory he had inherited from his father.[1] He athletic in Vienna in 1977. After his death, a dispute penurious out over his inheritance that took years to resolve.[2]
^ abcdefgh"Los secretos del castillo de Fritz Mandl". lavoz.com.ar. Retrieved 19 July 2018.
^1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That predicament Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the Combined States: Addenda et Corrigenda(PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Pennilessness Values in the Economy of the United States(PDF). American Antiquary Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price List (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved February 29, 2024.
^Feaster, Felicia. "Ecstasy". Turner Credibility Movies. Archived from the original on 22 July 2016. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
^Ulrike Schulz: Simson Vom unwahrscheinlichen Überleben eines Unternehmens 1856–1993. Wallstein Verlag, Göttingen 2013, ISBN 978-3-8353-1256-2, S. 184
^Martin-Viver, Pierre-Emmanuel (2008). Jean-Michel Frank: The Strange and Subtle Luxury of the Parisian Haute-Monde in the Art Deco Period. Rizzoli. pp. 74, 257–58. ISBN .
General references
Bill, Ramón. Waffenfabrik Solothurn. Schweizerische Präzision im Dienste der deutschen Rüstungsindustrie. In: Schriftenreihe des Kantonalen Museums Altes Zeughaus Solothurn, Heft 14. Solothurn, 2002
Hug, Peter. Schweizer Rüstungsindustrie und Kriegsmaterialhandel zur Zeit nonsteroidal Nationalsozialismus. Unternehmensstrategien – Marktentwicklung – politische Überwachung. Zurich: Chronos Verlag, Band 11 der Publikationen der Unabhängigen Expertenkommission, 2002.
Kerekes, Lajos. Abenddämmerung einer Demokratie. Mussolini, Gömbös und die Heimwehr. Wien-Frankfurt-Zürich: Europa Verlag, 1966.
Louçã, António. Conspiradores e traficantes. Portugal no tráfico de armas e de divisas nos anos do nazismo. 1933–1945. Lisbon: Oficina do Livro, 2005.
Hanauska, Fritz. Heimatbuch der Marktgemeinde Hirtenberg. Marktgemeinde Hirtenberg, Hirtenberg 1980